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26 August 2012, Volume 2 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Expression Patterns of P2X Receptors in Rat Glioma and Pheochromocytoma RU Qin, TIAN Xiang, CHEN Lin, YUE Kai, MA Bao-miao, LI Chao-ying 2012, 2 (4):  1-7.  Abstract ( 2508 )   PDF (1164KB) ( 1985 )   Objective: The expression of ionotropic ATP-gated channel, P2X receptors, was examined in rat glioma C6 cells, rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells, primary cultured rat cortex astrocytes and neurons by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Methods: The neonatal rat cerebral cortex neurons and astrocytes were isolated and identified by immunohistochemical staining with anti-NSE and anti-GFAP, respectively. By using real-time PCR, the expression of P2X receptors in C6 cells, PC-12 cells, rat cortex astrocytes and neurons were measured. Results: The mRNA expression levels of P2X2, P2X3 and P2X5 in C6 cells were significantly higher than those in primary cultured astrocyte, whereas the mRNA levels of P2X4, P2X6 and P2X7 were lower. The mRNA expression levels of P2X1, P2X2, P2X3 and P2X6 in PC-12 cells were significantly higher than those in primary cultured cortical neurons, whereas the mRNA levels of P2X5 and P2X7 were significantly lower. Moreover, the mRNA levels of P2X2, P2X5 and P2X6 were significantly different between C6 and PC-12 cells. Conclusions: P2X receptors were expressed functionally in C6 and PC-12 cells, and had expression differences from primary cultured cells. These results suggested that nucleotide-mediated signal transduction systems may exist in nervous tumor cells and have potential as a novel antitumor drug target. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Dynamical-antioxidation of Orientin and Vitexin in Trollius Chinensis to Brain Tissue in D-Galactose-induced aging Mice TIAN Qing-qing, AN Fang,WANG Shu-hua 2012, 2 (4):  8-12.  Abstract ( 1912 )   PDF (1153KB) ( 1400 )   Objective: To study antioxidant enzymes activity and lipofuscin dynamic effects of orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis on aging mice induced by D-Galactose(D-gal) and find the time effect relationship of antioxidant. Methods: The aging mice model were induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal, and it was successful after 8 weeks. Divided into blank group, modelgroup, high, medium and low dose group of orientin and vitexin, Vitamin E control group. From the 9 th week, every morning each group will be given medicine. The route is oral administration, and the time is 8 weeks. Decapitated mice at the 2 th , 4 th , 6 th and 8 th week , resected brain in frozen conditions, 10% tissue homogenate were made with NS solution, then got supernatant by use of centrifugation in 8000 r, detected superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) and lipofuscin(LPF). Results: Compared with model group, the activity of antioxidase in each therapy group increased slowly after 2 and 4 weeks, but not statistically significant , and after 6 and 8 weeks, orientin and vitexin significantly improved the activity of antioxidase, and significantly reduced the amount of LPF. Compared orientin with vitexin, the activity of antioxidase and the amount of LPF in the same dose group was no statistically significant after 2 and 4 weeks. The activity of antioxidase in each dose group of orientin were better than that of the vitexin of the same dose. they significantly reduced lipofuscin levels in the brain after 6 weeks and orientin was superior to vitexin at the same dose. The activity of antioxidase in medium and low dose group of orientin was better than the same vitexin, they significantly reduced lipofuscin levels in the brain and high dose group have no significant difference after 8 weeks．Compared with VE group, after 8 weeks, the activity of antioxidase in medium and low dose group of orientin and vitexin were lower than VE group, they have significant difference, meanwhile, high dose group have no significant difference. Conclusion：Orientin and Vitexin can apparently improve activity of antioxidation and reduce lipofuscin levels in brain. The activity of antioxidase became increased with the concentration increasing and reaction time prolonging. After 8 weeks, high dose group of orientin and vitexin have the same function with VE. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization on Tissue Distribution of Osthol In Vivo in Rats by Trapezoidal Area Method ZHENG Li-qing，LIU Jian-hua，ZHANG Dan-shen，WU Hai-xia，XUE Gui-ping 2012, 2 (4):  13-18.  Abstract ( 2135 )   PDF (1212KB) ( 1407 )   Objective: To study the tissue distribution of ostholon rats and to provide bases for clinical applications. Methods:  After osthol was administered to rats (30, 120 mg·kg-1 ;ip), the concentration of osthol in rat tissues after different time was determined by RP-HPLC. Results: Osthol distributed rapidly in the tissues after ip: eight tissues can detect osthol after 5 min. Heart, liver, lung and kidney all reached Cmax in 10 min. When the dose is increased 4 folds, Tpeaks of osthol in tissues had no significant changes, except the concentration and elimination time increased slightly corresponding to the same time-point. Conclusion: Osthol was distributed rapidly and extensively in the rat’s body and may pass through blood-brain-barrier and blood-testis-barrier. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Akt Signaling Pathway and Ischemic Stroke HU Jun, LEI Fan, XING Dong-ming, DU Li-jun 2012, 2 (4):  19-27.  Abstract ( 3279 )   PDF (1195KB) ( 2157 )   In this paper, the biology of Akt and its physiological function in ischemic cerebral disease were discussed,  and the latest research progress was introduced. Akt is highly expressed in cerebral ischemia- reperfusion injury, and has certain protective effect to this kind of brain damage. Recent research suggests that Akt has many features of stress reaction, and its effect on brain protection is related to its cooperative initiation with other pathways. The in-depth study of Akt will help the understanding of the role of the cerebral apoplexy and for new drug research and development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Microglial Cells on Parkinson’s Diseases WEI Wei， YUAN Yu-he， CHEN Nai-hong 2012, 2 (4):  28-31.  Abstract ( 3107 )   PDF (1047KB) ( 1507 )   Microglial cells play an essential role in degenerative neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, it is yet unclear the exact roles of microglia cells in neurodegenerative diseases plays, although it is known that excessive activation of microglia will ultimately lead to neuronal death. Activated microglia secrete a variety of inflammatory and neurotoxic factors that may aggrevate neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, systemic inflammation is one of the main causes attributable to chronic neurodegenerative diseases related functions decline. In this article, we summarized the role of microglial cells in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we also discussed new methods and potential therapeutic strategies of neurodegenerative disorders. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Signal Transduction of Toll-like Receptors and the Central Nervous System Disease WU Hai-xia,WU Zhi-gang,LIU Hong-bin,SHEN Li-xia 2012, 2 (4):  32-39.  Abstract ( 2699 )   PDF (1041KB) ( 1679 )   Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) and attracted attention in the field of drug research broadly. TLRs can specific to identify the pathogen associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) and play an important role in the process of activation of innate immune and regulating acquired immune. In recent years, studies on TLRs signal transduction associated with the central nervous system diseases progress quickly. The research status about new progresses of TLRs signaling and their roles in the central nervous system diseases were reviewed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prospective Overview of Nerve Growth Factor on the Pharmacotherapy of Ophthalmic Diseases XU Yuan-yuan,XU Jiang-ping 2012, 2 (4):  40-46.  Abstract ( 2519 )   PDF (1023KB) ( 1791 )   Nerve growth factor(NGF) is a neurotrophic factor, which is widely distributed in nervous tissue and peripheral target tissues. In the central nervous system, NGF shows neurotrophic and neurite promoting effects on the neurons, and thereby participates in the process of neuronal differentiation, development and repair. Recent findings demonstrate that retinal ganglion cells (RGC) express various neurotrophins, including NGF, and NGF plays its role through binding to the high affinity NGF tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA or low affinity receptor p75NTR. TrkA exists in retina like RGC, while p75NTR exists in glia cells. This review discussed the expression of NGF and its receptors in ocular tissues, the protective effect of NGF against optic nerve, retinal and corneal damages, and the treatment of NGF in the glaucoma and dry eye syndrome will be discussed as well. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Huntington’s Disease WANG Jiu-Qiang, ZHU Shu, ZHU Xue-Fei, GUO Cai-Xia, TANG Tie-Shan 2012, 2 (4):  47-57.  Abstract ( 3494 )   PDF (1195KB) ( 2271 )   Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative disorder with the progressive loss of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN), caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the N-terminus of huntingtin protein. Pathogenic mechanism of HD is not fully understood, but increasing evidences indicate that dysfunction of mitochondria plays an important role in HD pathogenesis. The morphology and structure of mitochondria in HD are changed due to a series of pathogenic factors. Moreover, the activity and/or expression levels of some mitochondrial electron transport chain protein complexes are decreased, and the mitochondrial biogenesis is impaired by mutant huntingtin protein. Furthermore, dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and excessive mitochondrial oxidant generation have been recently demonstrated in HD cells/neurons. All of these changes in HD mitochondria could cause the dysfunction of mitochondria, which in turn lead to cell death in HD cells, especially in neuron. This review will focus on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of HD and the therapeutic strategy targeted on mitochondria for the treatment of HD. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of The Effective Ingredients of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Tanshinone IIA and Salvianolic Acid A JIN Can, ZHANG Dan-shen 2012, 2 (4):  58-64.  Abstract ( 2774 )   PDF (1078KB) ( 2555 )   Many studies have showed that Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae(RSM)，with multi-ingredients, has effects of antioxidant, anti-clotting and antitumor. Currently, the studies on RSM monomers have been more in-depth. Using modern biology approaches, increasing reports are concerning the mechanism and the targets of these ingredients. RSM active ingredients are mainly divided into fat-soluble tanshinones and water-soluble dan phenolic acids. Recent pharmacological findings of tanshinone II A (fat-soluble) and Salvianolic acid A (water-soluble) were reviewed. References | Related Articles | Metrics