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26 February 2017, Volume 7 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Thinking of Influences of Small Molecules on Neural Stem Cell Neurogenesis ZHANG Li-hang， YIN Ming 2017, 7 (1):  1-9.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.001 Abstract ( 653 )   PDF (1252KB) ( 584 )   Recently， there is considerable interest in the development of stem cellbased strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease， one of the neurodegenerative diseases. To date， so-called regenerative approaches have focused mainly on the development of cell transplantation therapies using cells derived from pluripotent embryonic stem cells （ESCs）. Although some exciting preliminary reports have been described in regard of the efficacy of ESC-derived replacement therapies， explorations involving ex vivo manipulated ESCs are hindered by events of mutation， immune rejection， and ethical controversy. An alternative approach involves direct in vivo modulation of endogenous adult stem cell populations using small molecules. Although many results have been reported， the interaction between neural stem cell and local niche and the specific signal mechanisms of neural stem cell remain to be elucidated. Here we present the thinking of the chemical approaches to the regulation of neural stem cell biology that are yielding new biological insights and that may potentially lead to innovative new drugs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective Effect of Vitexin on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats DU Yun-guang，CAO Xin-xin，WANG Xiao-ru，WANG Shu-hua 2017, 7 (1):  10-23.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.002 Abstract ( 548 )   PDF (10988KB) ( 264 )   Objective：This study investigated the possible mechanism of vitexin in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion （CIR） model rats. Methods：Middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） model was established in this study. This experiment was randomly divided into sham group，model group，model+edaravone group （3.24 μmol·kg-1），and different concentrations of vitexin groups （1.62，3.24，6.48 μmol·kg-1）. After 1 h of reperfusion，the rats were intraperitoneally injected for one and three days. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） was used to measure brain infarct volume of rats，the water content of brain tissue was measured through wet-dry weighting method，methane dicarboxylic aldehyde （MDA） content，superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and reactive oxygen species （ROS） were determined by kit methods，the positive cells of aquaporin-4 （AQP-4） were detected by immunohistochemistry，the mRNA levels of Tolllike receptor 4 （TLR4） and nuclear factor κB （NF-κB） mRNA were detected by RT-qPCR，tumor necrosis factor α（ TNF-α） content was measured by ELISA，the cell morphology of rats was observed by HE staining. Results：Compared to the sham group，model group showed significant infarcts and increased brain water content. Compared to model group，vitexin decreased cerebral infarct volume and brain water content，increased SOD activity，and reduced the expressions of inflammatory factors significantly，improved cell morphology and the effects were dose dependent. Moreover，the protective effect of vitexin after 3 d treatment was better than that after 1 d. Compared to edaravone group，the effects of vitexin groups （1.62，3.24 μmol·kg-1） were lower （P<0.05，P<0.01），but showed similar effect of vitexin group at concentration of 6.48 μmol·kg-1. Conclusion：Vitexin could protect CIR injury through attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting the inflammatory response. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Culture Method of Rat Fetal Hippocampal Neurons and Astrocytes ZHANG Nan，XIONG Wen-wen，XING Yuan，ZHANG Wei 2017, 7 (1):  24-28.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.003 Abstract ( 446 )   PDF (2017KB) ( 369 )   Objective：To develop an improved culture method of neurons and astrocytes from hippocampus of SD rat fetuses in order to aquire high purity hippocampal cultures. Methods： The cultures of primary hippocampal neurons and astrocytes were prepared from SD rat fetuses at gestation day 18~20. After decapitation，the rat embryonic hippocampal tissue was taken out， sepatated and cutted into cubes quickly on ice. Then hippocampal cubes were transferred to the dissociation enzyme slolution after being washed in HBSS for three times. We chose Accutase and 0.1% Dnase as the digestion enzymes. The hippocampal tissue was incubated at 37 ℃ for 15 min with gentle shaking. Tissue digestion was stopped by being washed with HBSS for three times. After digestion，the tissue was gently triturated with triturating solution containing Neurobasal， B-27 and 0.1% DNase. The cell suspension was passed through sterile nylon gauze （80 mm）. The hippocampal cell suspension was plated in 24-well plates coated with poly-D-lysine at a density of 2.5 × 104 cells·cm-2. The cultures were maintained at 37 ℃ in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum. After 4 h of initial plating，the medium was replaced with different medium according to targeting culture status（ pure neurons，pure astrocytes or mixed culture）. After 7~10 days in culture，the rat hippocampal cells could be used in follow-up experiments. Results：With this method，we aquired high purity hippocampal culture from rats. By changing different medium，we aquired different culture status，pure culture of neurons or astrocytes，or mixed culture of both cell types. The purity of pure culture cells was higher than 98% （both neurons and astrocytes）. Conclusion：We developed an improved culture method based on traditional cultivation. This method has lower difficulty in operation and higher stability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Challenging Time on Airway Inflammation and Airway Remodeling of an Asthmatic Mouse Model WANG Ming-lei，WANG Wen-ge，ZHANG Jun-hong 2017, 7 (1):  29-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.004 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (11782KB) ( 269 )   Objective：To establish an asthmatic mouse model with different challenging times，to evaluate the effects of different challenging time on murine asthmatic airway inflammation，airway remodeling and the level of interleukin-17 （IL-17）. Methods：Ovalbumin（OVA） was used as an allergen to sensitize and challenge the murines. Forty-eight female specific-free （SPF） BALB/c mice aged four weeks were randomly divided into 6 groups according to challenging time length：3 days group，6 days group，12 days group，and each set of normal control group. Mice were sacrificed after the last 24 hours allergen challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） was collected for leukocytes count analysis. IL-17 levels in BALF supernatant were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. For histopathological examination，HE staining was used to measure the infiltration of inflammatory cells，AB-PAS was used to measure the hyperplasia of goblet cells and mucin，Masson staining was used to measure collagen deposition. Goblet cell area （Wag），smooth muscle area （Wam）， collagen area （Wcol），and the perimeter of bronchial basemen membrane （Pbm） were recorded. Results：4 weeks mice can appear typical asthma airway inflammation reaction after 3 days’ challenge，the inflammation scores and inflammatory markers such as total number of leukocytes were significant elevated compared with controls （P?0.01）. 6 days challenging time later， the inflammation scores and inflammatory markers continued to increase compared with 3 challenging days group （P<0.01）. For 12 challenging days group，the inflammation scores and the percentage of eosinophils were elevated compared with 3 challenging days group （P<0.01）， but there were no statistically significant differences between 12 challenging days group and 6 challenging days group （P>0.05）. The percentage of neutrophils and the staining area of goblet cells in the 3 groups were increased in turn significant （P<0.01）. Collagen deposition around the airway and the increase of airway smooth muscle mass can be observed after 6 days’ challenge， the hyperplasia degree were significant increased after 12 days’ challenging （P<0.01）. The levels of IL-17 in the 3 groups were elevated in turn significant （P<0.01）. Conclusions：The characteristics and pathogenesis of asthma have certain heterogeneity，different challenging time may lead to different pathological asthmatic phenotypes. It is necessary to select reasonable challenging time according to different research purpose when we prepare asthma models. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside-Rg3 SU Xiao-mei，ZHANG Dan-shen 2017, 7 (1):  38-44.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.005 Abstract ( 770 )   PDF (916KB) ( 448 )   Ginseng is a traditional Chinese drug，with a long medicinal history. The main active components of ginseng are the ginsenosides，among which the ginsenoside-Rg3 is a kind of components in ginseng，with higher medicinal value，studying on the pharmacological effects can provide theoretical guidance for further development and utilization of ginsenoside-Rg3. According to domestic and foreign researches reports of ginsenoside-Rg3 in recent years，the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside-Rg3 were summarized and analyzed in this review. The pharmacological studies reported in the literature have indicated that the ginsenoside-Rg3 exhibited various pharmacological activities，such as anti-tumor，reduce the cardiac toxicity and nephrotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs，reverse the multidrug resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs，protect the central nervous system and cardiovascular system，anti-fatigue，hypoglycemic effect，repair wound，and other aspects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Adipokines Participating in Alzheimer’s Disease LUO Piao，CHU Shi-feng，CHEN Nai-hong 2017, 7 (1):  45-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.006 Abstract ( 470 )   PDF (1681KB) ( 338 )   Alzheimer’s disease（AD），also called senile dementia，is one of the most common central neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. And its main pathological changes include the senile plaques formed by β-amyloid protein deposition out of the neuron， neurofibrillary tangles caused by the hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the neuron，and neurons in large number of loss and damage. Recently，the study has showed that Adipokine has closed relationship between β-amyloid protein deposition，hyperphosphorylated tau protein and neuronal apoptosis. This paper is mainly about the effect and mechanism of Adipokine，such as adiponectin，leptin，interleukin-6 and so on，on AD，which aims to provide a new ideas for the clinical treatment of AD. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Diseases SUN Zhi-hua, LUO Su-lan 2017, 7 (1):  53-64.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1396.2017.01.007 Abstract ( 431 )   PDF (3216KB) ( 359 )   Nicotine acetylcholine receptors （nAChRs） belong to the ligand gated ion channels，which are expressed not only in nervous systems，but also in non-nervous system.The different subunit composition forms decide the different affinity of agonist and antagonist. In fact，nAChRs have been found not only to perform their classic function at neuromuscular junctions，but also to function in the regulation of numerous central nervous system，such as voluntary movement，memory，addiction，etc. In addition，nAChR is related to pathogenesis，diagnosis，and treatment of neuralgia，Parkinson’s，Alzheimer’s disease，small cell lung cancer，breast cancer，cervical cancer and other diseases. The paper review the correlation of a variety of diseases and nAChRs structure，function，and expounds nAChRs mediated the α-CTx antitumor research progress，in order to provide theoretical basis for research and development of cone snails toxin antitumor drugs. References | Related Articles | Metrics