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26 April 2015, Volume 5 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Protective Effect of Arctigenin and Arctiin in H2O2-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells   WANG Yue, DOU De-qiang 2015, 5 (2):  1-4.  Abstract ( 2433 )   PDF (1211KB) ( 1978 )   Objective: To study the protective effect of arctigenin and arctiin on H2O2-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were cultured in vitro and preprotected with different concentrations of arctigenin and arctiin for 24 h, then treated with H2O2 for 24 h. MTT assay was used to the propagation of cells. Result: Compared to model group, 5 μmol·L-1 and 10 μmol·L-1 arctigenin and 20 μmol·L-1 actriin can improve the viability of cells. Conclusions: Arctigenin and arctiin both have the protective effect on H2O2-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. And arctignin exhibited stronger activity than arctiin in the protective effect on H2O2-induced in SH-SY5Y cells.   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening the Emetic Fractions of the Muskmelon Fruit Pedicel XIA Yan, ZHAO Chong-bao, XIN Feng, GUAN Xiao-feng, TANG Chun-ling, SUN Hong-wei, SUN Shu-hong, WANG Xiao-dan, LI Zhong-yu, XU Shu-jun, LI Yan-bing,CHEN Hua-chang 2015, 5 (2):  5-8.  Abstract ( 2221 )   PDF (1032KB) ( 1835 )   Objective: To separate and screen the effective fractions of the muskmelon fruit pedicel. Methods: With 80% ethanol extract obtained after the muskmelon fruit pedicel total extract by silica gel column in ascending order of solvent polarity separation (petroleum ether - ethyl acetate - methanol continuous elution) obtained sub-extract (petroleum ether I, ethyl acetate II, methanol III) to study the effective part capable of inducing vomiting in dogs. Special color reaction was applied to confirm the chemical property of the effective fractions of the muskmelon fruit pedicel by. Results：The ethyl acetate extract of the muskmelon fruit pedicel has the emetic effects compared with the control group (P<0.01). The effective fractions contained Cucurbitacin substances identified by special color reaction. Conclusions：The effective fractions contained. Cucurbitacin substances might be the emetic fraction in the muskmelon fruit pedicel. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Summary of Quantitative Analysis and Correlation Evaluation of Agmatine Content in Biological Samples ZHANG Yu-yao, JIANG Guo-hua, BAN Tao 2015, 5 (2):  9-16.  Abstract ( 3185 )   PDF (1197KB) ( 2568 )   Agmatine which presents in plants, bacteria and several mammalian tissues is an endogenous amine synthesized from the decarboxylation of arginine. Agmatine has many physiological functions, such as enhancing morphine analgesia, reducing the symptoms of dependence and tolerance, and so on. It has a good prospect of application in new drug development. For a better understanding of its physiological functions, the exact and fast determination of agmatine in biological samples is necessary. A variety of measurement methods including chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrophoresis and immunoassays had been used for the determination of agmatine levels. In this article, the research progresses on determination of agmatine in biological samples are reviewed; the advantages and disadvantages of the different determination methods and their applications are also discussed, hence to provide methodology reference for the analysis of agmatine. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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NMDA Receptor and Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Central Nervous System ZHANG Hai-hong 2015, 5 (2):  17-23.  Abstract ( 3226 )   PDF (1230KB) ( 2843 )   Excitatory amino acids (EAA) are excitatory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system that mainly includes glutamic acid and asparaginic acid. There are two categories of glutamic acid receptors: ionic receptors and metabolic receptors. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a subtype of ionic receptors. NMDA receptor mediates the calcium influx, promotes the synaptic plasticity, and participates in process of learning, memory and neurogenesis. On the other hand, excessive excitatory amino acids can excite NMDA receptor, and causes calcium influx, intracellular calciumoverload, further activates a series of intracellular mechanisms inducing the apoptosis. So NMDA receptor has been considered as a double-edged sword in central nervous system. The disturbance of activation regulation of NMDA receptors could be the basis of a plenty of central nervous system diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, ischemic cerebral injury, etc. This article reviews the relationship between NMDA receptors and neurodegenerative diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Glutamate Receptor Auxiliary Subunit BAI Hui, ZHANG Ming, ZHANG Wei 2015, 5 (2):  24-29.  Abstract ( 3120 )   PDF (1178KB) ( 2429 )   Glutamate receptor is the key excitatory receptor in main central nervous system. It involved in many important physiological and path-physiological process, such as learning and synapse plasticity. Recent study shows glutamate receptor make interaction with a series trans-membrane proteins at post–synaptic membrane, name as auxiliary subunits. These proteins are required for glutamate receptor trafficking and gating. The discovery of these proteins revealed the complexity of synaptic transmission. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of the Mechanism of Cerebral Ischemic Preconditionining and Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance WANG Xiao-qin, ZOU Yu-an, GUO Chun-yan 2015, 5 (2):  30-37.  Abstract ( 3205 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 2371 )   Cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP) demonstrates an endogenous protective mechanism against ischemic injury with a brief sublethal ischemia increases the tolerance of the brain tissue to subsequent ischemia. Cerebral ischemic tolerance refers to a phenomenon of central nervous system adaptation to any subsequent ischemia by CIP. Establishing such a tolerance involved multiple mechanisms: the NO and NO related signaling pathways, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter, inflammation factors, adenosine, cell energy metabolism and mitochondrial, autophagy-lysosome activation, inhibition of cell death and activate DNA repair and self-repair/remodeling mechanism, vascular remodeling and protect the blood brain barrier, etc. A better understanding of the endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms by which CIP and IP protects against cerebral ischemic insults could help us develop new therapeutic and preventive strategies for ischemia anoxic encephalopathy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on RAGE/LRP1 Transporters At the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Neurovascular Unit in Alzheimer’s Disease WANG Hao, DU Guan-tao, LIU Guang-jun, HONG Hao 2015, 5 (2):  38-45.  Abstract ( 3240 )   PDF (1214KB) ( 2195 )   The blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (blood-CSF barrier) existed between peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) plays critical roles in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that blood-CSF barrier is closely related to the development and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review discusses the role of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) transporters, and the neurovascular unit (NVU) mediated central β-amyloid protein regulation in the pathogenesis of AD, providing new prevention and treatment strategies for AD. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitter by Astrocytes and Its Impact to Epilepsy LING Peng，LI Yue-yue，QIAN Heng，LIAN Xiao-yuan 2015, 5 (2):  46-53.  Abstract ( 2608 )   PDF (1746KB) ( 2400 )   Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in central nervous system, exerting essential physiological functions to keep balance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, especially in the regulation of glutamate and GABA. Astrocytes could preserve cells from the potential toxicity caused by the glutamate accumulation through the glutamine-glutamate-GABA cycle; besides, the cycle between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters is of great significance under normal condition. Dysfunction of astrocytes, such as a decrease in glutamate transporters, glutamine synthetase or glutamate dehydrogenase, is closely related to occurrence and development of epilepsy. This paper mainly reviews the research progression in how astrocytes regulate neurotransmitters and the causative role of astrocyte dysfunction in epilepsy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the Mechanism of Estrogen on Neuroprotective Effect ZHONG Ming, SHEN Li-Xia 2015, 5 (2):  54-64.  Abstract ( 3150 )   PDF (1732KB) ( 2912 )   Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by deposition of amyloid beta(Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles and the incidence of women significantly higher than men.  The studies have shown that the occurrence and development of AD are closely associated with the declining estrogen levels, however, the mechanism underlying estrogen’s neuroprotective effect is not fully clarified. The study found that when estrogen bind to its receptor, it can regulate the activity of Trx-1 and Ask-1, inhibit the cytosolic translocation of Death domain associate protein(Daxx), block the Ask-1/JNK signal transduction pathway to exert against oxidative stress and apoptosis; Estrogen organizes ER to activate MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to promote the non-amyloidogenic pathway of Amyloid precursor protein(APP) which is prevent the formation of Aβ; In addition, the research also found that the activated estrogen receptors interaction with caveolin proteins to activate metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs) which induces cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB) phosphorylation; It mediates second messenger to protect against glutamate excitotoxicity so as to exert neuroprotective effect. In this review, the potential mechanisms of estrogen’s neuroprotective effect are reviewed, in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of AD. References | Related Articles | Metrics