Optogenetics is a molecular technology used to regulate the expression of lightcontrolled genes，protein localization，signal transduction and protein interaction. It has prominent characteristics such as high spatial and temporal resolution，strong specificity and quick and sensitive light response. The selective means through the use of genetic technology on certain types of neuron cells express light sensitive channels，through the living tissue within the optical transmission technology，and change the activity and function of these cells，become accurate positioning and analyze the different types of neurons in neural circuits and the role of nervous system diseases，mental illness provides a powerful tool. Therefore，with the emergence of this revolutionary research method，the research progress of neuropharmacology has been greatly promoted. In addition，in-vivo electrophysiological technique can record many synchronous discharge of neurons in multiple regions and investigate discharge of neurons in multiple regions in the correlation and difference of time and space，etc.，and can analyze the comparison of different control measures under the condition of neurons firing pattern，and the depth resolution mechanism of the brain’s response to various external stimuli. At present，optogenetics combined with in-vivo electrophysiology has provided important technical support for the research on neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore，this review summarizes the implementation strategies and significance of optogenetics combined with in-vivo electrophysiology in the research on the pathogenesis and treatment mechanism of neuropsychiatric disorders in recent years.