Alzheimer’s disease（AD） is a multifactorial disease with cognitive and executive dysfunction as the main clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of AD is Aβ cascade and abnormal tau protein，etc.. Epidemiological investigation showed that the incidence of AD in postmenopausal women was 1.5~3.0 times higher than that in men of the same age，estrogen either directly or indirectly affects mitochondria. In addition，because mitochondria are regarded as the energy body of cells and the key regulator of neuronal viability during excitotoxicity，the mitochondrial mechanism of AD has also become the research area of AD pathogenesis. Aβ can bind directly to the mitochondrial membrane，thus changing the dynamics and function of mitochondria，leading to abnormal energy metabolism，resulting in a series of chain reactions such as apoptosis. Studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates Aβ deposition and tau abnormal phosphorylation，which in turn promotes mitochondrial injury and induces apoptosis through a mitochondrial dependent apoptotic pathway. This article reviews the neuroprotective effect of estrogen through mediating mitochondrial pathway in the case of AD，in order to provide some basic theoretical thinking for the prevention and treatment of AD.